On 4 December 1963, at Göttingen University, a 23-year-old William Richards was voluntarily injected with liquid psilocybin – the active ingredient in magic mushrooms – and left in a basement lab.

He died; he was reborn; the wonders of the Universe danced before his very eyes. “‘Awe’, ‘glory’, and ‘gratitude’ were,” he writes, “the only words that remained relevant.”

The experience sparked an obsession and eventually a vocation: how can human beings access “the eternal brilliance of mystical consciousness”? And what the hell does that even mean anyway?



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Having witnessed the subject’s infancy – in the early 1960s researchers could simply send off for LSD by mail order – Richards had the “dubious distinction” of ushering in its end. In 1977, at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Centre, he administered the final dose of psilocybin in the last legal study, before, in what Professor David Nutt has called the “worst case of censorship since the Catholic Church banned the works of Galileo”, he and his fellow researchers were put out of the job for more than two

In 1999, when the thaw finally began, Richards led the revival. The results of the first study – a comparison of the effects of psilocybin with Ritalin – were staggering. A third of those who received psilocybin rated their experience as “the most spiritually significant of their lives”.

Crucially, 14 months down the line, the subjects had made “enduring positive life changes”. They were generally more creative, compassionate, and at peace with those around them. One research participant ended up resigning from his job in weapon design and became a Zen monk; another ran off with the Peace Corps. No wonder governments had tried to stop it.