Research Methodologies: Critical Discourse Analysis
Here's the wikipedia definition:
Quote:Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice. Scholars working in the tradition of CDA generally argue that (non-linguistic) social practice and linguistic practice constitute one another and focus on investigating how societal power relations are established and reinforced through language use.
The following example taken from the website
How to Use Psychedelics shows how critical discourse analysis will be a crucial tool to investigate the underling assumptions and implicit attitudes that trouble even the best intentions of a whitestream psychedelic/entheogenic subculture:
Quote:Healing Racism, Sexism, and Sexual Discrimination with Psychedelics
Because psychedelics allow us to see our external personas from a different angle, they can be particularly helpful for people who have faced systematic, historical oppression. Psychedelics can allow us to unlearn racist, sexist, or homophobic indoctrination. This includes people of color, women, gays and lesbians and any others whose external identities have been villainized, or regarded as secondary/less than.
By introducing the individual to a perspective of reality where they are not "less than", psychedelics can begin to heal the individual from the invisible dehumanizing affects of racism, sexism, or homophobia. The individual is awakened to the micro-ways in which discrimination and judgement define our self perception.
Who is "us" here?
Who are "they"?
I got a bit of
flack (a term that I'm using per forum language guidelines) for my member name: "someblackguy." Everything from "Who cares?" to "Why do you
need people to know you're black?" as though the name came from some coded profanity or obtuse race-promotion. It's meaning is perhaps too explicit for comfort: I'm "some black guy" indeed, but it was taken to have other implicit meanings or to be a statement of avarice towards non-black persons. From the response it was as though I were throwing up a barrier of "blackness" between myself and certain parts Nexus community by calling attention to some social situation of uneasy power relations. To their minds, I was imposing an "us"/"they" dynamic by putting a racial identifier right in the name:
"Someblackguy?" Doesn't he know that we're all one here? How rude.I wondered, would that same tension, wary skepticism, apply here: between an "us" doing the healing and some pathologized "them" receiving supposed therapy? In the best intentioned—if laughably naïve—language of this therapeutic directive, would
they even notice the implied power relationship? Did you?
What statements about
societal power relations between "us" (therapist) and "them" (patient/client) does "Healing Racism, Sexism, and Sexual Discrimination with Psychedelics" make explicit? Who is
assumed to be in the minority here? Who is
assumed to be in the majority? How might these inbuilt assumptions (in the scenario of white/heterosexual/male therapist "healing" minority/gay/female patient of their "racist, sexist, homophobic indoctrination" ) complicate the stated goal of "Healing Discrimination"?
Suppose this therapy happens under that allopathic model of treatment which is the standard in Western medicine and mainstream mental healthcare (treatment of individual symptoms and/or tissues based on the Hippocratic philosophy of medicine which rejects the intervention of supernatural forces for a disease model with organic etiology and empirical diagnosis). How do we even locate a disease like bigotry, racial discrimination, sexism, or homophobia? Where are symptoms taking place in the body, where in the mind? "Show me where it hurts." Does that allopathic, individuated approach seem appropriate here in a scenario of epidemic and diffuse societal pathology? Can any therapy that places the individual as the locus of disease and treatment address a systemic pathology?
The rejection of folk medicines, shamanism, and faith healing in Western practice came to be reinforced by state regulatory regimes established in response to the widespread abuses and patent medicine quackery of early industrialized medicine. Pharmaceutical corporations, private insurers, and public healthcare entities now battle to triangulate standards of care and the allocation of resources for vast populations. From its philosophical roots to the modern medical industrial complex of institutional, governmental, and moneyed forces, Western medicine is political even if its application has become blindly depoliticized. The separation of doctor and patient by expertise or, in the case of the statements in question,
by status—the separation of symptom and cause—the separation of individual and community care; even the separation of the wounded from the healer: taken for granted in the theater of Western medicine, these are not universal to all modes of healing or therapy. The philosophy of modern medicine draws heavily from particular Western humanistic traditions that place an intact functional self at the center of its cosmos. When that vitruvian self is compromised by disease or injury the goal of medical care is to address the problem and "make whole." All too often that person is "made whole" by treating them as a part.
Ego death, boundary dissolution, the expansion of consciousness that takes place under the influence of entheogenic medicine and psychedelic psychotherapy, under these conditions standard therapeutic postures, performances, and professional boundaries can become unworkable, as would any therapy that labels these manifestations as
side effects, or worse
hallucinations, separate from the goals of treatment. The wounded healer, the singing of
icaros, the appeal to spirit, the shamanic persona, the healing crisis hold no place in diagnostic manuals or medical school training, much less in modern practice. The condition of many healers and the symptoms produced by entheogenic shamanism are likely to be found among the
diagnostic criteria of the American Psychological Association's DSM rather than in the recommended course of treatment. In fact induction of experimental states of "chemical psychosis" was among the potential uses of these drugs suggested by early researchers into psychedelic pharmacology. Therapeutic models which embrace traditional practices and knowledges—while haunted with the problem of spiritual authority, authenticity, and appropriation—have emerged in the modern psychedelic therapies which seek to address the problem of sophisticated tools and developed procedures (ex. yagé and drum) placed into primitive systems of allopathic medicine.
The boundary between self and others is problematic even with organic diseases that have established avenues of treatment: diabetes is a social issue, just as second hand smoking, childhood obesity, addiction, even the spread of contagions through populations. In practice mainstream psychology polices this boundary with institutional standards and therapeutic guidelines handed down by monolithic psychological associations that often default to the interests of the professional rather than those of the patient in care. Healthcare as a social project is not apolitical but treatment can be depoliticized to the point where it cannot see its own political liabilities and biases or take account for its own role in totality of disease—until an internal protest forced its hand in 1973, the American Psychological Association's official stance was that homosexual orientation was a treatable disease. Courses of "treatment" included electroshock, genital mutilation, destructive behavioral modification, and chemical castration. Complicit in the politics of Jim Crow segregation in the southern US, the psychological profession has been implicated for informing a culture of scientific racism in the early 20th century.
"heal the
individual"?
Can a depoliticized individuated treatment model actually treat, diagnose, even "heal" social/political/cultural sickness if, like sexual orientation or student IQ vis-à-vis race, it cannot locate it in the body? What would be the harmful effects of insinuating societal dysfunctions onto the individual seeking treatment? The recommendations given at HowToUsePsychedelics.com find the site of pathos not in the sick society, not in the dysfunction of a broken body politic, but in that person suffering their ill effects. Such a model offers palliative care at best, along with the risk for visiting untold harm upon that individual seeking help. This allopathic mainstream approach, so reliant on assessing and fixing a broken self, cannot be competent to wield powerful medicines whose primary effects include the
dissolution of ego. Even in its own proscribed treatments allopathic mainstream fails to address systemic racism or homophobia by myopic focus on the individual as the site of mental illness—this is to say nothing of the lack of mental health outreach to marginalized communities. Under Western mainstream psychotherapy standards, a program such as "Healing Racism, Sexism, and Sexual Discrimination with Psychedelics" is frightening in the backwards scenario it chirpily recommends to patients and therapists.
"...introducing the
individual to a perspective..." What prejudices this tek for "unlearning" prejudice?
"Psychedelics can allow
us to unlearn racist, sexist, or homophobic indoctrination." They should have just stopped there. "This includes people of color, women, gays and lesbians and any
others." Have you ever heard of any other medicine or treatment qualified by a therapist as effective not only for "us," the assumed reader, but also includes people of color, women... I do not remember ever seeing such "inclusive" language used elsewhere to describe any other treatment modality. "This medicine is effective even for gays and lesbians" does not appear in the indications for any other form of therapeutic intervention that I am aware of, à la "Safe for pets" or "Not tested in children under 12."
"This medicine is effective for curing racist assumptions. It even works for people of color!" ![Wut?](/forum/images/emoticons/getlost.png)
Is
that a model for social reform through psychedelics?
Instead of "healing" people of color, LGBT, women, and "any others" (mind you not any
one, but any
others ) of their internalized less-thans, perhaps the good doctors at
How to Use Psychedelics might do better to introduce some fellow non-minorities to the perspective that they are, in fact, not "greater than." Would that not be even more effective in assessing and treating "the dehumanizing affects [sic] of racism, sexism, or homophobia"?
For the record there is no such term "micro-ways" in the fearful Logos of the social sciences nor in any psychedelic psychotherapy that I am aware of. Perhaps the author meant micro
aggressions? Perhaps the "author" had
no idea what they were talking about when they penned their panacea for prejudice. In fact there does not seem to be any theory of social science or psychedelic therapy informing this two-paragraph-cure for the "micro-ways" of discrimination. These are just a list of the author's best intentions. The legal term for "best intentions" applied by this formula varies by jurisdiction, from "reckless imprudence" to plain old "medical malpractice."
So, take
How to Take Psychedelics with a grain of salt... but just in case, do be careful around "micro-ways," especially if you have an older model pacemaker. My obvious disdain for this particular piece (of New Age blatherskite) notwithstanding, for the sake of this project I hope that by critical discourse analysis and other decolonizing research methodologies we can challenge some of the materials and claims of "how-to" authority that have come down from the psychedelic discourse. I can only imagine what you guys make of Leary's
homage The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on The Tibetan Book of the Dead. I'm not sure if there are
degrees of cultural appropriation, but I will offer this one helpful standard: if at any point you should find yourself lost in the throes of composing your sequel to
an 8th century Tibetan holy book, then perhaps you've gone a myte too far.
Quote:The only people who perceive [racial identity in the psychedelic culture] to be an issue are those with worthless SJW degrees and/or white savior complex. (letudiante)
Here it seems that he/she is 100% correct—sadly this is one of the only documents that speak directly to the issue. The author(s) of this bit of well meaning
worthlessness "Healing Racism, Sexism, and Sexual Discrimination with Psychedelics" might be prime examples of the "white savior" complex letudiante earlier brought to our attention. In this case we might just agree after all.
Before you set out to help me "awaken" from my "internalized oppression," before the psychedelic movement can help
anyone who has "faced systemic, historical, oppression" maybe it should take account of its own very much externalized issues. Before helping "people of color, women, gays and lesbians and any others" unlearn their secondary status, perhaps the author would like to take some time, and some entheogens, to "unlearn" it themselves (
or at very least not rely on inequality as a treatment modality in psychedelic therapy). How does that sit with you: the implied whiteness of the therapist who is graciously "introducing" the idea of equality to their minority client under a major dose of LSD or psilocin? Does that seem even remotely workable? Or safe? The set, globalism; setting, modern history. I can only imagine what unpleasant conjuring takes place at the mercy of the countertransference phenomena and ghosts of such a "healer." Having to explain that they're doing more harm than good would be difficult at the best of times; imagine doing so under a psycholytic treatment of LSD. You'd likely need another therapist just to treat the results of being a "they" caught up in best intentions of an "us."
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Afterword:
The site whose content was the subject of this article,
howtousepsychedelics.org describes itself as a "guide [...] intended as a starting point for using psychedelics for personal healing, recovery, and development, on your own or with a mental health professional." It describes itself as an organization "developed by a group of friends. We are professionals working in law, software, film, and video. We are about half men and half women. We are white, black, and Asian. Psychedelics have played an important role for all of us in our psychological development, exploration, and mental health and we felt there was a need for a clear, usable guide for responsible and productive psychedelic use."
A link to this collaborative research project has been sent to the organization's email address:
Hello. I am a researcher and writer currently studying the topic of psychedelic therapy and the psychedelic discourse, but my background is in the field of critical psychology. I am directing the research efforts for a collaborative project, the first of its kind, on the colonial legacy of the psychedelic movement, titled "Entheocolonialism." In my research into the discourse of the online psychedelic movement I came across your statement describing the potential for psychedelic therapies in terms of "Healing Racism, Sexism, and Sexual Discrimination with Psychedelics" via its prominence in google search results. I invite your response to my suggestions, which can be published on the research forum or made to this email address, where it will be forwarded to be added to the materials of the public research page at DMT-Nexus. While I was disappointed with the implications of your statement, I do invite your participation in the project whose goals in aligned with those stated on your website: "we think there’s a real need for a clean, modern, well curated internet discussion forum for responsible and functional use of psychedelics. Existing message boards tend to be confusing, poorly designed, and primarily focused on recreational use. If you are in a position to setup and run something like this, we’d love to hear about it, promote it, and we’d love to give you our thoughts about what would make it work well."
I believe that we share the same desire and concerns about the ethical direction of the online psychedelic discourse. I hope that this project will be an overture for later research and publicly available knowledge sharing which is greatly needed in this effort to integrate psychedelic/entheogenic experiences, materials, and treatments into the social, medical, spiritual, and institutional life of our communities and the larger world. I would like to make this an opportunity for conversation, rather than a one way critique. Your response would be a meaningful gesture towards bringing about the dialogue you describe as so needed in this movement which should be redirected to the affirmation of human potenial per the message of your organization. I agree. Thank you for your time and consideration. The project can be found at https://www.dmt-nexus.me...spx?g=posts&t=71489
Anyone involved in these topics knows that this is not easy work, but the movement towards psychedelic integration is an effort that in the end is worthwhile, crucial. This reform is not achievable without difficult dialogues towards institutional change, starting with those institutions within the psychedelic discourse. I applaud your efforts towards this goal and ask that you join in this effort “for responsible and functional use of psychedelics” in whatever capacity. I patiently await your response.
—“someblackguy”All content on their site, including their statement "Healing Racism, Sexism, and Sexual Discrimination with Psychedelics," is published under Creative Commons user agreements and is part of the public domain—free for the public to use, copy, and distribute for noncommercial purposes. They can be contacted at
hello@howtousepsychedelics.org.
Spellbreaking is the better part of alchemy, extraction, and the art of undoing—but a cocksure kind of lovingkindness, a clockwork clock, works time.
Nakhig lo shulun, Sharuku! Gorz nash!
“Where is your master? Where is he?”
Mig shâ zog... Undagush! Nakh
Atigat iuk no lighav wizard...