According to Manly P. Hall in
The Secret Teachings of All Ages, Chapter 23:
The "east" position, the circle with the cross is "the character of copper of Venus." Also the female symbol.
The "south" position, the circle with the arrow is the character "of iron and Mars." Also the male symbol.
The "south-east" circle is "the second motion and the most perfect of all lines. Out of it are formed all figures and bodies imaginable."
The "north-west" crescent is "the character of silver and the moon. It signifies that silver (like gold) is a perfect metal, except that the red part of its nature is turned inward. Silver is the feminine principle of the universe."
The one in the "north-east" section, looks like a circle with a crescent on top and cross on the bottom I think is the character of "Mercury (both the planet and the element).
The one in the "south-west" section looks to me like a cross with a crescent. If so it is the character of "tin and Jupiter."
The "north" position looks like a sun or star. The center is obviously the sun. The "west" position I have no idea.
What those all mean together I don't know. According to
An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Traditional Symbols by J.C. Cooper:
Iron: "Hardness; durability; strength; firmness; inflexibility; fetters.
Chinese: Evil power.
Egyptian: Evil; an attribute of Set and 'the bones of Typhon'." There are other meanings for iron from other cultures, they all revolve around evil.
The symbol encyclopedia has a large entry for circle, but the gist is "universal symbol. Totality; wholeness; original perfection; Hermes Trismegistus said of the circle as a symbol of God: God is a circle whose centre is everywhere and circumference is nowhere". The number 10.
The crescent: "The crescent moon is, par excellence, the symbol of the Great Mother, the lunar Queen of Heaven. It is the passive, feminine principle.
The Secret Teachings of All Ages has a huge and varied multitude of explanations for most symbols one can think of. That talisman seems to be to be a representation of the basic "forces" of the universe. Male, female, good, evil, etc. The sun in the center, like most sun symbols, probably represents the main force, which is, according to pagan tradition, an androgynous god, symbolizing perfection and a unification of all forces into one, male and female, good and evil, spirit and material. The little sun and crescent on top probably symbolize male and female separately (moon=female, sun=male). I'm really guessing at this, which is pretty much all you do with something like this.