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Hello and welcome!

Nice to hear of your endeavours. The residue may have been present on the test surface - how did you clean it before applying the solvent sample? You could always distill the hexane again but more slowly - but I hope you're aware of the neurotoxic properties of hexane and will be minimising your exposure. For one thing, I'd suggest to avoid evaporating the solvent unnecessarily. If you're not evaporating sizeable amounts the trace residue will be of minimal consequence.



I'd say there's a possibility of a small amount of saponification occurring under the conditions that you describe. Did you try shaking the FASW after the pulls? If soap were present it would lead to foaming. But here's another thing: the fumaric acid would convert much of the soap back into fatty acids - which would stay dissolved in the oil - and sodium fumarate, which is slightly water soluble and thus the most likely contaminant from the process.

Welcome to the Nexus!

Very interesting experiments you have been doing, thanks for sharing!

What was the yield like in your vegetable oil experiments? How did sunflower vs soybean oil compare?

Be well!

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Yes, this will generalise for pretty much any anion and most alkaloids.

There's no need to apologise for it, the only mistake I noticed was in the apology itself Ergo, never apologise for your performance.