Quote: The mescaline content of T. pachonoi can vary widely
depending on growth conditions. In particular, the conditions
favoring most rapid growth (frequent waterings) do not produce the
highest mescaline content. See the section on cultivation for more
information. -erowid
Most will tell you that the older cacti will have more mescaline...
Some will also tell you that, similar to when humans are stressed they produce cortisol as a response, that mescaline is produced in cacti as a means of stress response, so older cacti, that have been through a good deal of stress and recovered will contain more mescaline.
...Though I'm not sure how true any of this is, and am somewhat curious myself.
As far as I know there isn't an exact time to harvest trichocereus cacti, if your able, and have large selection I'm sure there are preferred stalks, but these cacti can potentially be active during almost any stage of its life...
-eg